Alamat Kedutaan Besar Negara-Negara Dunia di Indonesia

Alamat Kedutaan Besar Negara-Negara Dunia di Indonesia

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Kedutaan Besar Afghanistan
Jl. Dr. Kusumaatmaja S.H. 15, Jakarta 10310
Telepon : (021) 314-3169
Fax : (021) 335-390

Kedutaan Besar Afrika Selatan
Wisma GKBI, 7th Floor, Suite 705
Jl. Jenderal Sudirman No. 28, Jakarta 10210
Telepon : (021) 574-0660
Fax : (021) 574-0661
Email: saembjak@centrin.net.id
Website: www।saembassy-jakarta.or.id

Perwakilan Albania untuk Indonesia
2952, Jl. Bukit Ledang, Off Jalan Duta,
Kuala Lumpur 50480, Malaysia
Phone: (60-3) 2093-7808, 2093-8102
Fax: (60-3) 253-7359

Kedutaan Besar Algeria/Aljazair
Jl. H.R. Rasuna Said Kav. 10-1
Kuningan, Jakarta 12950
Telepon : (021) 525-4719 / 525-4809
Fax : (021) 525-4654
Email: ambaljak@cbn.net.id
Website: www।algeria-id.org

Kedutaan Besar Amerika Serikat di Jakarta
Jl. Medan Merdeka Selatan No. 5, Jakarta 10110
Telepon : (021) 3435-9000
Fax : (021) 386-2259
Email: jakconsul@state.gov
Website: www।usembassyjakarta.org

Kedutaan Besar Amerika Serikat di Bali
Jl. Hayam Wuruk 188 Denpasar - Bali, Indonesia
Phone: (62-361) 233-605
Fax: (62-361) 222-426

Kedutaan Besar Amerika Serikat di Surabaya
Jl. Raya Dr. Sutomo No. 33
Surabaya, Jawa Timur
Phone: (62-31) 568-2287, 568-2288
Fax: (62-31) 567-4492

Kedutaan Besar Arab Saudi
Jl. M.T. Haryono, Kav. 27 Jakarta 13630
Telepon: (021) 801-1553 / 801-1537
Fax : (021) 801-1527

Kedutaan Besar Argentina
Menara Mulia Building, 19th Floor, Suite 1901
Jl. Jenderal Gatot Subroto, Kav. 9-11
Jakarta 12930
Telepon : (021) 526-5661
Fax : (021) 526-5664

Kedutaan Besar Australia
Jl. H.R. Rasuna Said, Kav. C15-16
Jakarta 12940, Indonesia
Telepon : (021) 522-7111
Fax : (021) 522-7101

Kedutaan Besar Austria
Jl. Diponegoro 44, Jakarta 10310
Telepon : (021) 338-090 / 338-101 / 310-7451
Fax : (021) 390-4927

Kedutaan Besar Bangladesh
Jl. Denpasar Raya 3, Block A-13
Kav. 10, Kuningan Jakarta 12950
Telepon : (021) 525-1986 / 522-1574
Fax : (021)526-1807

Kedutaan Besar Belanda
Jl. H.R. Rasuna Said Kav. S-3, Jakarta 12950
Telepon : (021) 525-1515
Fax : (021) 570-0734

Kedutaan Besar Belgia
Deutsche Bank Building 16th Floor
Jl. Imam Bonjol 80, Jakarta 10310
Telepon : (021) 316-2030
Fax : (021) 316-2035

Kedutaan Besar Brasil
Menara Mulia Building, 16th Floor, Suite 1602
Jl. Jenderal Gatot Subroto Kav. 9-11
Jakarta 12390
Telepon : (021) 526-5656
Fax : (021) 526-5659

Kedutaan Besar Brunei Darussalam
Wisma GKBI, Suite 1901
Jl. Jenderal Sudirman 28, Jakarta 10210
Telepon : (021) 574-1437 / 574-1438 / 574-1439
Fax : (021) 574-1463

Kedutaan Besar Bulgaria
Jl. Imam Bonjol 34-36, Jakarta 10310
Telepon : (021) 390-4048 / 390-4049

Kedutaan Besar Chile
Bina Mulia I building, 7th Floor
Jl. H.R. Rasuna Said, Kav. 10, Jakarta 12950
Telepon : (021) 520-1131
Fax : (021) 520-1955

Kedutaan Besar Cina
Mega Kuningan No.2, Jakarta
Telepon : (021) 576-1037 / 576-1038 / 576-1039
Fax : (021) 576-1034

Kedutaan Besar Czech (Ceko)
P.O. Box 1319
Jl. Gereja Theresia 20, Jakarta
Telepon : (021) 390-4075 / 390-4077
Fax : (021) 336-282

Kedutaan Besar Denmark
Bina Mulia Building, 4th Floor
Jl. H.R. Rasuna Said, Kav. 10, Jakarta 12950
Telepon : (021) 520.4350
Fax : (021) 520-1962

Kedutaan Besar Emirat Arab
Jl. Sisingamangaraja C-4, Kav. 16-17
Jakarta 12950
Telepon : (021) 520-6518 / 520-6552
Fax : (021) 520-6526

Kedutaan Besar Filipina
Jl. Imam Bonjol No. 6-8
Menteng, Jakarta 10310
Telepon : (021) 310-0302 / 314-9329 / 310-0334
Fax : (021) 315-9773 / 315-1167

Kedutaan Besar Finlandia
Bina Mulia Building I, 10th Floor
Jl. H.R. Rasuna Said, Kav. 10, Jakarta 12950
Telepon : (021) 520-7408
Fax : (021) 525-2033

Kedutaan Besar Hungaria
Jl. H.R. Rasuna Said, Kav. X No. 3
Kuningan, Jakarta 12950
Telepon : (021) 520-3459 / 520-3460
Fax : (021) 520-3461

Kedutaan Besar India
Jl. H.R. Rasuna Said, S-1, Kuningan
Jakarta 12950
Telepon : (021) 520-4150 / 520-4152 / 520-4157
Fax : (021) 520-4160

Kedutaan Besar Inggris
Jl. M.H. Thamrin 75, Jakarta
Telepon : (021) 315-6264
Fax : (021) 314-1824 / 390-2726 / 390-7493

Kedutaan Besar Iran
Jl. H.O.S. Cokroaminoto 110
Telepon : (021) 331-391 / 334-637 / 331-378
Fax : (021) 310-7860

Kedutaan Besar Irak
Jl. Teuku Umar 38, Jakarta 10350
Telepon : (021) 390-4067
Fax : (021) 390-4066

Kedutaan Besar Italia
Jl. Diponegoro 45, Jakarta 10310
Telepon : (021) 337-445 / 323-490
Fax : (021) 337-422

Kedutaan Besar Jepang
Jl. M.H. Thamrin 24, Jakarta
Telepon : (021) 324-308
Fax : (021) 325-460

Kedutaan Besar Jerman
Jl. M.H. Thamrin 1, Jakarta
Telepon : (021) 390-1750
Fax : (021) 390-1757

Kedutaan Besar Kamboja
Panin Bank Plaza, 4th Floor
Jl. Palmerah Utara 52, Jakarta 11480
Telepon : (021) 548-4840 / 548-3716
Fax : (021) 548-3684

Kedutaan Besar Kanada
Wisma Metropolitan I, 5th Floor
Jl. Jenderal Sudirman Kav. 29, Jakarta 12920
Telepon : (021) 525-0709
Fax : (021) 571।2251

Kedutaan Besar Korea Utara
Jl. H.R. Rasuna Said Kav.X No. 5, Jakarta 12950
Telepon : (021) 521-0181 / 522-2442 / 526-0066
Fax : (021) 521-0183

Kedutaan Besar Korea Selatan
P.O. BOX 4187 JKTM
Jl. Jenderal Gatot Subroto 57, Jakarta Timur
Telepon : (021) 520-1915
Fax : (021) 525-4159

Kedutaan Besar Kroasia
Menara Mulia building, Suite 2101
Jl. Gatot Subroto, Kav. 9-11, Jakarta 12930
Telepon : (021) 525-7822 / 525-7611
Fax : (021) 520-4073

Kedutaan Besar Kuba
Villa Pejaten Mas, Block G, No. 4
Pejaten, Pasar Minggu, Jakarta 12520
Telepon : (021) 780-6673
Fax : (021) 780-7345 / 780-6673

Kedutaan Besar Kuwait
Jl. Denpasar Raya Block A-XII No. 1
Kuningan Timur, Jakarta 12950
Telepon : (021) 520-2477 / 520-2478 / 520-2479
Fax : (021) 520-4359 / 522-4931 / 526-5886

Kedutaan Besar Laos
Jl. Kintamani Raya C-15 No. 33, Jakarta 12950
Telepon : (021) 520-2673 / 522-9602
Fax : (021) 522-9601

Kedutaan Besar Libanon
Jl. YBR V No. 82, Kuningan, Jakarta 12950
Telepon : (021)526-4306 / 525-3074 / 520-7121
Fax : (021) 520-7121

Kedutaan Besar Libia
Jl. Pekalongan 24, Menteng, Jakarta 10310
Telepon : (021) 335-308 / 335-754
Fax : (021) 335-726

Kedutaan Besar Malaysia
Jl. H.R. Rasuna Said, Kav. X/6 No. 1-3
Kuningan, Jakarta 12950
Telepon : (021) 522-4947
Fax : (021) 522-4974

Kedutaan Besar Mali
Jl. Mendawai III No. 18
Kebayoran Baru, Jakarta 12130
Telepon : (021) 720-8472 / 726-8504
Fax : (021) 722-9589

Kedutaan Besar Maroko
Kuningan Plaza, South Tower, Suite 512
Jl. H.R. Rasuna Said, Kav. C 11-14
Kuningan, Jakarta 12950
Telepon : (021) 520-0773 / 520-0956
Fax : (021) 520-0586

Kedutaan Besar Meksiko
Menara Mulia Building, Suite 2306
Jl. Gatot Subroto Kav. 9-11, Jakarta 12930
Telepon : (021) 520-3980
Fax : (021) 520-3978

Kedutaan Besar Mesir
Jl. Teuku Umar 68, Menteng, Jakarta 10350
Telepon : (021) 314-3440 / 331-141 / 335-350
Fax : (021) 314-5073

Kedutaan Besar Myanmar
Jl. Haji Agus Salim No. 109, Jakarta Pusat
Telepon : (021) 314-0440 / 327-684
Fax : (021) 327-204

Kedutaan Besar Nigeria
P.O. BOX 3649
Jl. Taman Patra IV No. 11-11A
Kuningan Timur, Jakarta 12950
Telepon : (021) 526-0922 / 526-0923
Fax : (021) 526-0924

Kedutaan Besar Norwegia
Bina Mulia Building I, 4th Floor
Jl. H.R. Rasuna Said Kav. 10
Kuningan, Jakarta 12950
Telepon : (021) 525-1990
Fax : (021) 520-7365

Kedutaan Besar Pakistan
Jl. Teuku Umar No. 50
Menteng, Jakarta 10350
Telepon : (021) 314-4008 / 314-4009 / 314-4011
Fax : (021) 310-3947 / 310-3946 / 310-3945

Kedutaan Besar Papua New Guinea
Panin Bank Centre, 6th Floor
Jl. Jenderal Sudirman No. 1, Jakarta 10270
Telepon : (021) 725-1218
Fax : (021) 720-1012

Kedutaan Besar Perancis
Jl. M.H. Thamrin 20, Jakarta Pusat
Telepon : (021) 314-2807
Fax : (021) 314-3338

Kedutaan Besar Peru
Bina Mulia Building 2, 3rd Floor
Jl. H.R. Rasuna Said Kav.11
Kuningan, Jakarta 12950
Telepon : (021) 520-1176 / 520-1866
Fax : (021) 520-1932

Kedutaan Besar Polandia
Jl. Diponegoro No. 65, Jakarta 10310
Telepon : (021) 314-0509
Fax : (021) 327-343

Kedutaan Besar Qatar
Jl. Taman Ubud I No.5
Kuningan Timur, Jakarta 12920
Telepon : (021) 527-7751 / 527-7752
Fax : (021) 527-7754

Kedutaan Besar Rumania
Jl. Teuku Cik Ditiro No. 42A
Menteng, Jakarta Pusat
Telepon : (021) 310-6240 / 310-6241
Fax : (021) 390-7759

Kedutaan Besar Rusia
Jl. H.R. Rasuna Said, Kav. X7 No. 1-2
Kuningan, Jakarta 12950
Telepon : (021) 522-2912 / 522-2914 / 522-5195
Fax : (021) 522-2916 / 522-2915

Kedutaan Besar Selandia Baru
P.O. BOX 2439
BRI II Building, 23rd Floor
Jl. Jenderal Sudirman, Kav. 44-46, Jakarta 10210
Telepon : (021) 570-9460 / 570-9470
Fax : (021) 570-9457 / 570-9471

Kedutaan Besar Singapura
Jl. H.R. Rasuna Said, Block 4, Kav. 2
Kuningan Jakarta 12950
Telepon : (021) 520-1489
Kedutaan Besar Slovakia
P.O. BOX 1368
Jl. Prof. Moh. Yamin, S.H. No. 29
Menteng , 10310 Jakarta
Telepon : (021) 310-1068 / 315-1429
Fax : (021) 310-1180

Kedutaan Besar Spanyol
Jl. Haji Agus Salim No. 6, Jakarta 10350
Telepon : (021) 335-937 / 335-940 / 335-771
Fax : (021) 325-996

Kedutaan Besar Sri Lanka
Jl. Diponegoro No. 70, Jakarta 10310
Telepon : (021) 314-1018 / 316-1886 / 391-9364
Fax : (021) 310-7962

Kedutaan Besar Sudan
P.O. BOX 403
Wisma Bank Dharmala, 7th Floor, Suite 1
Jl. Jenderal Sudirman, Kav.28
Jakarta 12910
Telepon : (021) 521-2075

Kedutaan Besar Swedia
Menara Rajawali, 9th Floor
Jl. Mega Kuningan Lot 5/1, Jakarta 12950
Telepon : (021) 576-2690
Fax : (021) 576-2691

Kedutaan Besar Swiss
Jl. H.R. Rasuna Said, Block 3 No.2
Kuningan, Jakarta 12950
Telepon : (021) 525-6061
Fax : (021) 520-2289

Kedutaan Besar Syria
Jl. Karang Asem I No. 8
Kuningan Raya, Jakarta 12950
Telepon : (021) 520-4117 / 520-1641 / 525-5991
Fax : (021) 520-2511

Kedutaan Besar Thailand
Jl. Imam Bonjol No. 74, Jakarta 10310
Telepon : (021) 390-4052 / 314-7925 / 391-5651
Fax : (021) 310-7469

Kedutaan Besar Tunisia
Wisma Dharmala Sakti, 11th Floor
Jl. Jenderal Sudirman No. 32, Jakarta
Telepon : (021) 570-3432 / 570-4220
Fax : (021) 570-0016

Kedutaan Besar Turki
Jl. H.R. Rasuna Said, Kav.1, Jakarta 12950
Telepon : (021) 525-6250 / 526-4143 / 522-7440
Fax : (021) 522-6056 / 527-5673

Kedutaan Besar Ukraina
Jl. Simprug Permata I No.39, Jakarta 12220
Telepon : (021) 726-7575 / 720-5356
Fax : (021) 726-6969

Kedutaan Besar Uni Eropa
P.O. BOX 6454 JKPDS
Wisma Dharmala sakti, 16th Floor
Jl. Jenderal Sudirman Kav.32, Jakarta 10064
Telepon : (021) 570-6076
Fax : (021) 570-6075

Kedutaan Besar Uzbekistan
Jl. Brawijaya Raya No. 7, Block P-5, Jakarta
Telepon : (021) 739-9009 / 722-1640 / 913-4212
Fax : (021) 722-1640

Kedutaan Besar Vatikan
P.O. BOX 4227
Jl. Medan Merdeka Timur 18, Jakarta
Telepon : (021) 384-1142 / 381-0736
Fax : (021) 384-1143

Kedutaan Besar Venezuela
Menara Mulia, Suite 2005, 20th Floor
Jl. Jenderal Gatot Subroto Kav. 9-11, Jakarta
Telepon : (021) 522-7547 / 525-7548
Fax : (021) 522-7549

Kedutaan Besar Vietnam
Jl. Teuku Umar, Jakarta 10350
Telepon : (021) 910-0163 / 315-8537 / 310-0358
Fax : (021) 314-9615

Kedutaan Besar Yaman
Jl. Yusuf Adiwinata No. 29, Jakarta 10350
Telepon : (021) 390-4074 / 310-8029 / 310-8035
Fax : (021) 390-4946

Kedutaan Besar Yordania
Jl.Denpasar Raya Block A-13, Kav.1-2
Kuningan, Jakarta 12950
Telepon : (021) 520-4400 / 520-4401
Fax : (021) 520-2447

Kedutaan Besar Yugoslavia
Jl. HOS Cokroaminoto No. 109, Jakarta 10310
Telepon : (021) 314-3560 / 334-157
Fax : (021) 314-3613

Kedutaan Besar Yunani
Plaza 89, 12th Floor
Jl. HR. Rasuna Said Kav. 7 No. 6
Kuningan, Jakarta 12950
Telepon : (021) 520-7776
Fax : (021) 520-7753

General Information of Republic Indonesia

General Information of Republic Indonesia

Map of Indonesia

National name: Republik Indonesia
Government: Republic
President: Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (2004)
Area: 699,548 sq mi (1,811,831 sq km)
Monetary unit: Rupiah

Population (2006 est.):

245,452,739 (growth rate: 1.4%); birth rate: 20.3/1000; infant mortality rate: 34.4/1000; life expectancy: 69.9; density per sq mi: 351

Capital and largest city (2003 est.):

Jakarta, 17,891,000 (metro. area), 8,827,900 (city proper)
Other large cities: Surabaya, 3,038,800; Bandung, 2,733,500; Medan, 2,204,300; Semarang, 1,267,100

Languages:

Bahasa Indonesia (official), English, Dutch, Javanese, and more than 580 other languages and dialects

Ethnicity/race:

Javanese 45%, Sudanese 14%, Maduranese 7.5%, coastal Malays 7.5%, other 26%

Religions:

Islam 88%, Protestant 5%, Roman Catholic 3%, Hindu 2%, Buddhist 1%, other 1%

Economic summary:
GDP/PPP (2004 est.): $827.4 billion; per capita $3,500. Real growth rate: 4.9%. Inflation: 6.1%. Unemployment: 9.2%. Arable land: 11%. Agriculture: rice, cassava (tapioca), peanuts, rubber, cocoa, coffee, palm oil, copra, poultry, beef, pork, eggs. Labor force: 111.5 million; agriculture 45%, industry 16%, services 39% (1999 est.) Industries: petroleum and natural gas, textiles, apparel, footwear, mining, cement, chemical fertilizers, plywood, rubber, food, tourism. Natural resources: petroleum, tin, natural gas, nickel, timber, bauxite, copper, fertile soils, coal, gold, silver. Exports: $69.86 billion (f.o.b., 2004 est.): oil and gas, electrical appliances, plywood, textiles, rubber. Imports: $45.07 billion (f.o.b., 2004 est.): machinery and equipment; chemicals, fuels, foodstuffs. Major trading partners: Japan, U.S., Singapore, South Korea, China, Thailand, Australia, Saudi Arabia (2003).

Communications:
Telephones: main lines in use: 7.75 million (2002); mobile cellular: 11.7 million (2002). Radio broadcast stations: AM 678, FM 43, shortwave 82 (1998). Television broadcast stations: 41 (1999). Internet hosts: 62,036 (2003). Internet users: 8 million (2002).

Transportation:
Railways: total: 6,458 km (2004). Highways: total: 342,700 km; paved: 158,670 km; unpaved: 184,030 km (1999 est.). Waterways: 21,579 km; note: Sumatra 5,471 km, Java and Madura 820 km, Kalimantan 10,460 km, Sulawesi (Celebes) 241 km, Irian Jaya 4,587 km (2004). Ports and harbors: Banjarmasin, Belawan, Ciwandan, Krueg Geukueh, Palembang, Panjang, Sungai Pakning, Tanjung Perak, Tanjung Priok. Airports: 667 (2004 est.).

International disputes:
East Timor-Indonesia Boundary Committee continues to meet, survey and delimit land boundary, but several sections of the boundary remain unresolved; Indonesia and East Timor contest the sovereignty of the uninhabited coral island of Palau Batek/Fatu Sinai, which hinders a decision on a northern maritime boundary; a 1997 treaty between Indonesia and Australia settled some parts of their maritime boundary but outstanding issues remain; ICJ's award of Sipadan and Ligitan islands to Malaysia in 2002 left maritime boundary in the hydrocarbon-rich Celebes Sea in dispute, culminating in hostile confrontations in March 2005 over concessions to the Ambalat oil block; the ICJ decision has prompted Indonesia to assert claims to and to establish a presence on its smaller outer islands; Indonesia and Singapore pledged in 2005 to finalize their 1973 maritime boundary agreement by defining unresolved areas north of Batam Island; Indonesian secessionists, squatters, and illegal migrants create repatriation problems for Papua New Guinea; piracy remains a problem in the Malacca Strait.

1.1 Major Sources and Definitions
1.1.1 Geography
Indonesia is an archipelago country with more than 17.000 tropical islands, about 5000 kilometers east to west, between two oceans, the Pacific and the Indian, and between two continents, Asia and Australia. The largest islands are Sumatra, Java (the most populous), Bali, Kalimantan (Indonesia's part of Borneo), Sulawesi (Celebes), the Nusa Tenggara islands, the Moluccas Islands, and Irian Jaya (also called West Papua), the western part of New Guinea. Its neighbor to the north is Malaysia and to the east is Papua New Guinea.

Total coastline of 81,000 kilometers, a landmass of 1,926,000 square kilometers, territorial waters of 3.17 million square km, and an Exclusive Economic Zone of 2.7 million square km. Extending along the equator latitude 60 8’ North to 110 South, and longitude 940 45’ to 141o East, the climate is typically monsoon with two distinctive seasonal changes every six months; dry season (June to September) and rainy season (December to March). Indonesia, part of the “ring of fire,” has the largest number of active volcanoes in the world. Earthquakes are frequent. Wallace's line, a zoological demarcation between Asian and Australian flora and fauna, divides Indonesia.

1.1.2 History
The 17,000 islands that make up Indonesia were home to a diversity of cultures and indigenous beliefs when the islands came under the influence of Hindu priests and traders in the first and second centuries A.D. Muslim invasions began in the 13th century, and most of the archipelago had converted to Islam by the 15th century. Portuguese traders arrived early in the next century but were ousted by the Dutch around 1595. The Dutch United East India Company established posts on the island of Java, in an effort to control the spice trade.

After Napoléon subjugated the Netherlands in 1811, the British seized the islands but returned them to the Dutch in 1816. In 1922, Indonesia was made an integral part of the Dutch kingdom. During World War II, Japan seized the islands. Tokyo was primarily interested in Indonesia's oil, which was vital to the war effort, and tolerated fledgling nationalists such as Sukarno and Mohammed Hatta. After Japan's surrender, Sukarno and Hatta proclaimed Indonesian independence on Aug. 17, 1945. Allied troops, mostly British Indian forces, fought nationalist militias to reassert the prewar status quo until the arrival of Dutch troops.

In Nov. 1946, a draft agreement on forming a Netherlands-Indonesian Union was reached, but differences in interpretation resulted in more fighting between Dutch and nationalist forces. Following a bitter war for independence, leaders on both sides agreed to terms of a union on Nov. 2, 1949. The transfer of sovereignty took place in Amsterdam on Dec. 27, 1949. In Feb. 1956, Indonesia abrogated the union and began seizing Dutch property in the islands.

In 1963, Netherlands New Guinea (the Dutch portion of the island of New Guinea) was transferred to Indonesia and renamed West Irian, which became Irian Jaya in 1973 and West Papua in 2000. Hatta and Sukarno, the co fathers of Indonesian independence, split over Sukarno's concept of “guided democracy,” and under Sukarno's rule the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) steadily increased its influence.

Sukarno was named president for life in 1966. Sukarno enjoyed mass support for his policies, but a growing power struggle between the military and the PKI loomed over his government. After an attempted military coup was put down by army chief of staff General Suharto and officers loyal to him, Suharto's forces killed hundreds of thousands of suspected Communists in a massive purge aimed at undermining Sukarno's rule.

Suharto took over the reins of government and gradually eased Sukarno out of office, completing his consolidation of power in 1967. Under Suharto the military assumed an overarching role in national affairs, and relations with the West were enhanced. Indonesia's economy improved dramatically and national elections were permitted, although the opposition was so tightly controlled as to virtually choke off dissent.

In 1975, Indonesia invaded the former Portuguese half of the island of Timor; it seized the territory in 1976. A separatist movement developed at once. Unlike the rest of Indonesia, which had been a Dutch colony, East Timor was governed by the Portuguese for 400 years, and while 90% of Indonesians are Muslim, the East Timorese are primarily Catholic. More than 200,000 Timorese are reported to have died from famine, disease, and fighting since the annexation. In 1996, two East Timorese resistance activists, Bishop Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo and José Ramos-Horta, received the Nobel Peace Prize.

In the summer of 1997, Indonesia suffered a major economic setback, along with most other Asian economies. Banks failed and the value of Indonesia's currency, the rupiah, plummeted. Antigovernment demonstrations and riots broke out, directed mainly at the country's prosperous ethnic Chinese. As the economic crisis deepened, student demonstrators occupied the national Parliament, demanding Suharto's ouster. On May 21, 1998, Suharto stepped down, ending 32 years of rule, and handed over power to Vice President B. J. Habibie.

June 7, 1999, marked Indonesia's first free parliamentary election since 1955. The ruling Golkar Party took a backseat to the Indonesian Democratic Party-Struggle (PDI-P), led by Megawati Sukarnoputri, the daughter of Sukarno, Indonesia's first president.

The ethnic, religious, and political tensions kept in check during Suharto's 32 years of authoritarian rule erupted in the months following his downfall. Rioting and violence shook the provinces of Aceh, Ambon (in the Moluccas), Borneo, and Irian Jaya. But nowhere was the violence more brutal and unjust than in East Timor. Habibie unexpectedly ended 25 years of Indonesian intransigence by announcing in Feb. 1999 that he was willing to hold a referendum on East Timorese independence. Twice rescheduled because of violence, a UN-organized referendum took place on Aug. 30, 1999, with 78.5% of the population voting to secede from Indonesia. In the days following the election, pro-Indonesian militias and Indonesian soldiers massacred civilians and forced a third of the population out of the region. After enormous international pressure, the government, which was either unwilling or unable to stop the violent rampage, finally agreed to allow UN forces into East Timor on Sept. 12, 1999. East Timor achieved independence on May 20, 2002.

On Oct. 20, 1999, in a surprising upset, the Indonesian Parliament elected Abdurrahman Wahid as the new president of Indonesia, defeating Megawati Sukarnoputri, the popular leader of the Indonesian Democratic Party-Struggle. Wahid was a Sufi cleric as well as an adept politician with a reputation for honesty and moderation. Rioting, bombing, and growing unrest continued to plague Indonesia in 2000. On June 4, 2000, separatists declared Irian Jaya (also called West Papua) an independent state. Wahid flatly opposed independence for the province, which contains sizable copper and gold mines. Unlike East Timor, there is little international support for an independent Irian Jaya.

In fall 2000, Suharto failed twice to show up in court to face corruption charges of embezzling $570 million in state funds, but his lawyers insisted he was too ill to stand trial. In Sept. 2000, Suharto's playboy son, Hutomo “Tommy” Mandala Putra, was arrested for his role in a fraudulent multimillion-dollar land deal. He fled and was finally arrested and jailed in November 2001 after a manhunt. In July 2002, he was sentenced to 15 years in prison after being convicted of coordinating the murder of the judge who had sentenced him in the corruption trial.

In the fall of 2000 and winter of 2001, President Wahid came under increasing criticism for corruption and incompetence. He was blamed for not stopping ethnic clashes and killings in Aceh, Irian Jaya, the Moluccas Islands, and especially in Borneo, where the Dayak people turned against Maduranese immigrants, slaughtering hundreds. Wahid was forced from power in July 2001, and Vice President Megawati Sukarnoputri assumed the helm.

A terrorist bombing on Oct. 12, 2002, at a nightclub in Bali killed more than 200 people, mostly tourists. In 2003, Amrozi bin Nurhasyim and Imam Samudra, members of Jemaah Islamiyah, an Islamic terrorist group linked with al-Qaeda, were sentenced to death for their roles in the bombing. But the radical Muslim cleric Abu Bakar Bashir, believed to be the head of Jemaah Islamiyah, was only given a light three-year sentence on lesser charges, causing parts of the international community to question Indonesia's commitment to fighting terrorism. Authorities arrested Bashir in April 2004—on the same day he was set to be released from prison—claiming they had new evidence that proved he is in fact the leader of Jemaah Islamiyah and that he approved the Bali bombing. In March 2005, he was found not guilty of terrorism charges in the bombings of Jakarta's Marriott Hotel in 2003 and the Bali nightclub. He was, however, convicted of a lesser charge.

In May 2003, President Megawati declared military rule in Aceh and launched an offensive intended to destroy the Free Aceh Movement. The invasion marked the end of a cease-fire that was signed in Dec. 2002 between the Indonesian government and Aceh separatists. The government and the separatists signed a peace treaty in Aug. 2005, ending the 30-year war that had claimed 15,000 people. As part of the accord, the rebels will surrender their arms and the government will gradually withdraw its troops. In addition, the Acehnese agreed to give up their demand for independence in exchange for the right to establish political parties. The separatists disbanded their army in December, finalizing the end to their insurgency.

Violence erupted again in the Moluccas Islands in April 2004, when more than 40 people died in fighting between Christians and Muslims. The two groups signed a cease-fire in 2002.

Megawati's PDI-P Party fared poorly in April 2004 elections, placing second behind the Golkar Party of former president Suharto. In July, retired general Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono placed first in the country's first direct presidential elections, but he did not garner enough votes to win outright. However, he soundly defeated Megawati in the September runoff.

On Dec. 26, 2004, a magnitude 9.0 earthquake, whose epicenter was off the west coast of the Indonesian island of Sumatra, caused a tremendously powerful tsunami in the Indian Ocean that devastated 12 Asian countries. At least 225,000 people died in the disaster, and millions were left homeless. Indonesia was the heaviest hit, with more than 150,000 casualties. Many of the deaths occurred in the war-torn province of Aceh. About two dozen people died in Sept. 2005 when suicide bombers attacked tourist sites in Bali. The attack was eerily similar to the one two years earlier.

1.2 People
Indonesia's approximately 224 million people make it the world's fourth-most populous nation. The island of Java is one of the most densely populated areas in the world, with more than 107 million people living in an area the size of New York State. Indonesia includes numerous related but distinct cultural and linguistic groups, many of which are ethnically Malay. Since independence, Bahasa Indonesia (the national language, a form of Malay) has spread throughout the archipelago and has become the language of most written communication, education, government, and business. Many local languages are still important in many areas, however. English is the most widely spoken foreign language. Education is compulsory for children through grade 9. Although about 92% of eligible children are enrolled in primary school, a much smaller percentage attend full time. About 44% of secondary school-age children attend junior high school, and some others of this age group attend vocational schools.
Constitutional guarantees of religious freedom apply to the five religions recognized by the state, namely Islam (87%), Protestantism (6%), Catholicism (3%), Buddhism (2%), and Hinduism (1%). In some remote areas, animism is still practiced.

1.3 Government and Political Conditions
Indonesia is a republic based on the 1945 constitution providing for a limited separation of executive, legislative, and judicial power. Substantial restructuring has occurred since President Soeharto's resignation and the short, transitional Habibie administration which followed. The Habibie government fashioned political reform legislation that--without changing the 1945 Indonesian constitution--formally set up new rules for the electoral system, the House of Representatives (DPR), the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR), and political parties. An MPR decree adopted in November 1998 limits the president to two terms in office.

The president, elected for a 5-year term, is the dominant government and political figure. The president and the vice president were elected by popular vote for the first time on September 20, 2004. Previously, the MPR selected Indonesia’s president. In 1999, the MPR selected Abdurrahman Wahid, also known as Gus Dur, as the fourth President. Wahid proved unable to govern effectively and the MPR impeached him in July 2001, immediately appointing then-Vice President Megawati Soekarnoputri as the fifth President. Although Megawati brought a certain amount of stability back to the country, her progress in combating corruption and improving the economy were not enough to satisfy the electorate, and in September 2004 Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono was elected as her replacement.

The president, assisted by a cabinet that he appoints, has the authority to conduct the administration of the government and is accountable only to the MPR. President Yudhoyono’s Democratic Party (PD), holds only 55 seats out of 550 seats in the People’s Representative Assembly (DPR), making it the fifth-largest in the legislature the effectiveness of his administration is could hinge on his ability to forge a successful coalition or working relationship with the other factions. The 38 appointed seats previously reserved in the DPR for the armed forces (TNI) have been phased out. The new People's Consultative Assembly (MPR) has 678 members, consisting of the 550 members of the DPR and the 128 representatives of the newly-formed Regional Representative Council (DPD), which includes four members from each of Indonesia’s 32 provinces.

The armed forces shaped and provided leadership for Soeharto's New Order from the time it came to power in the wake of the abortive 1965 uprising. Military officers, especially from the army, were key advisers to Soeharto and Habibie and had considerable influence on policy. Under the dual function concept ("dwifungsi"), the military asserted a continuing role in socio-political affairs. This concept was used to justify placement of officers to serve in the civilian bureaucracy at all government levels. Although the military still has great influence and is perhaps the only truly national institution, dwifungsi has been abolished, ending its formal involvement in government administration. Military officers must now resign from the armed forces before taking a civilian government position or political office. The police have been separated from the military, further reducing the military's direct role in governmental matters.

1.4 Economy
Indonesia has a market-based economy in which the government plays a significant role. It owns 158 state-owned enterprises and administers prices on several basic goods, including fuel, rice, and electricity.
In the mid-1980s, the government began eliminating regulatory obstacles to economic activity. The steps were aimed primarily at the external and financial sectors and were designed to stimulate employment and growth in the non-oil export sector. Annual real gross domestic product (GDP) growth averaged nearly 7% from 1987-97, and most analysts recognized Indonesia as a newly industrializing economy and emerging major market. The Asian financial crisis of 1997 altered the region’s economic landscape: in 1998 Indonesia experienced negative GDP growth of 13.7% and unemployment rose to 15-20%. In the aftermath of the 1997-98 financial crisis, the government took custody of a significant portion of private sector assets through acquisition of non-performing bank loans and corporate assets through the debt restructuring process, but subsequently disposed of most of the assets averaging 29% return on the assets received. Indonesia has since recovered-- albeit slower than some of its neighbors--and has recapitalized its banking sector, improved oversight of capital markets, and taken steps to stimulate growth and investment, particularly in infrastructure. GDP growth was 4.3% in 2002, 4.5% in 2003, and 5.1% in 2004.

1.4.1 Economic Policy
After President Yudhoyono took office on October 20, 2004, he moved quickly to implement a "pro-growth, pro-poor, pro-employment" economic program. He appointed a strong group of economic ministers who announced a "100-Day Agenda" of short-term policy actions designed to energize the bureaucracy. President Yudhoyono announced an ambitious anti-corruption plan December 2004. The State Ministry of National Development Planning (BAPPENAS) released in early 2005 a Medium Term Plan focusing on four broad objectives: creating a safe and peaceful Indonesia, creating a just and democratic Indonesia, creating a prosperous Indonesia, and establishing a stable macroeconomic framework for development.

President Yudhoyono and his team have targeted average growth of 6.6% from 2004-2009 to reduce unemployment and poverty significantly. Indonesia's overall macroeconomic picture is stable and improving, although GDP growth rates have not yet returned to pre-crisis levels. Indonesia’s 4th quarter 2004 GDP growth was 6.1%, its highest level since the 1997-98 financial crisis, and full year growth in 2004 was 5.1%. Per capita income rose to $1,143, topping the pre-crisis level. Domestic consumption continued to account for the largest portion of GDP, at about 66.5%, followed by investment at 20.9%, and net exports at 12.6%. In evidence of an accelerating economy, investment grew 15% in the second half of 2004, a significant shift from investment growth in 2003 of only 1.9%. Capital goods imports increased 41.3% in 2004, a further indication of a strengthening economy. The government’s success in pushing forward its ambitious reform plan will determine whether Indonesia's GDP growth rates can recover to pre-crisis levels, and whether Indonesia will again become a favored destination for foreign investors.
1.4.2 Fuel Prices and Inflation
The government raised fuel prices by an average of 29% on March 1, 2005 in an effort to reduce Indonesia's fuel subsidy burden (projected to reach Rp 63 trillion in 2005 or 3% of GDP before the price hikes). Most economists expect the fuel price hikes to lead to a 0.8-1.2% rise in Indonesia's 2005 average inflation rate, and the Government of Indonesia's revised FY 2005 budget projects an inflation rate of 7.0%. The Government of Indonesia is now discussing a compensation package with parliament that would provide a range of benefits for low-income families including subsidized rice, improved health and social services, housing subsidies, micro credit and family planning programs.

1.4.3 Banking Sector
Indonesia's commercial banking sector is set to undergo a period of significant change over the next five years. Bank Indonesia (BI) announced plans in January 2005 to strengthen the banking sector by encouraging consolidation and improving prudential banking and supervision. BI hopes to encourage small banks with less than approximately Rp 100 billion (about US $11 million) in capital to either raise more capital or merge with healthier "anchor banks" before 2009. It plans to announce the criteria for anchor banks by July 2005. BI is also encouraging consolidation by removing the former 10% limit on the capital that one bank could inject into another.

BI plans to adopt Basel II standards beginning in 2008, and is establishing a credit bureau to centralize data on borrowers. Another important reform is the Government of Indonesia’s decision to gradually reduce the blanket guarantee on bank third-party liabilities beginning in 2006. BI and the Government of Indonesia will replace the blanket guarantee with a deposit insurance scheme run by an independent "Indonesian Deposit Insurance Agency." The new deposit insurance scheme, which will begin operations in September 2005, will cover deposits in all foreign, commercial, state-owned, rural, and shariah banks.

Indonesia currently has 134 private banks, 52 of which have capital under IDR 100 billion (US$ 10.8 million) and control less than 0.2% market share. Four state-owned banks (Bank Mandiri, BNI, BRI, BTN) continue to dominate the sector with approximately 40% of assets. In late 2004, the Government of Indonesia sold approximately $520 million in shares of several banks formerly owned by the Indonesian Bank Restructuring Agency (IBRA). The Government of Indonesia plans to sell more shares of ex-IBRA banks in 2005 but has no plans to privatize state-owned banks. Three small banks representing less than 0.6% of combined market share failed in 2004, apparently due to owner malfeasance. The three--Bank Dagang Bali, Bank Asiatic and Bank Global--presented no systemic risk, but nevertheless highlighted continuing weaknesses in both bank management and BI's supervision and examination regimes.

1.4.4 Exchange Rate
After reaching an average monthly low of IDR 14,900 Rupiah/U.S. $1 in June 1998 (during the financial crisis and after the resignation of Soeharto in May of that year) the Rupiah has been relatively stabile since mid-2002, trading around Rp 9.500/U.S. $1 in early 2005. However, high levels of government debt, ongoing investment climate problems, and higher inflation in early 2005 mean exchange rate risk continues to be a concern for investors.

1.4.5 Earthquake and Tsunami Impact on Economy
The December 26, 2004 tsunami, and March 28, 2005 Nias earthquake, did not significantly change Indonesia’s macroeconomic outlook. However, the impact in Aceh province was severe and according to the World Bank’s damage and loss estimate, amounted to about $4.5 billion or 97% of Aceh’s GDP. The overall impact on the national economy, however, is expected to be small, only 0.1-0.4% of GDP. Some economists even believe that the large amount of assistance and the beginning of reconstruction may even contribute to additional GDP growth of up to 0.5% in 2005. The large amount of donor funds from both private and public sources is still being calculated, but it is hoped that it will cover a large proportion of Aceh’s reconstruction needs as the government implements its plans. Overall GDP growth for 2005 is expected to be between 5-6%, with steady increases in exports and investment.


1.4.6 Exports and Trade
Indonesia's exports grew to a record $69.7 billion in 2004, an increase of 11.49% from 2003. Strong sales in non-oil and gas commodities such as electronics, palm oil, clothing, coal and tin drove the growth in exports. Japan, the United States, Singapore and China accounted for 42.5% of Indonesia's total non-oil and gas exports last year, with the U.S. contributing 13.9%. Meanwhile, total imports jumped by almost 40% in 2004 to $46.2 billion, with oil and gas imports surging 52.4% to $11.6 billion and non-oil and gas imports increasing 35.7% to $34.5 billion. U.S. - Indonesia trade grew 12% in 2004 to $13.48 billion, while our trade deficit increased 16.3% to $8.14 billion ($2.67 billion in exports vs. $10.81 billion in imports).

1.4.7 Oil and Minerals Sector
Indonesia, the only Asian member of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), ranks 17th among world oil producers, with about 1.8% of world production. Crude and condensate output averaged 1.09 million barrels per day (b/d) in 2004. In the 2003 calendar year the oil and gas sector, including refining, contributed $13.6 billion or 21.6% of total export earnings and about 24% of government revenues, a greater percentage than recent years due to high world oil prices. U.S. companies have invested heavily in the petroleum sector. Due to limited refining capacity and growing domestic demand for petroleum fuels, Indonesia became a net oil importer in 2003. Indonesia, which ranks sixth in world gas production, is still the world’s number one exporter of liquefied natural gas (LNG), though its world market share has declined from 32% in 1998 to approximately 20% in 2004. Despite the declining trends, Indonesia’s oil and gas trade balance remains positive at $6.5 billion in 2004 and a forecast $9.8 billion for 2005.

The state owns all oil and mineral rights. Foreign firms participate through production sharing and work contracts. The Indonesian Government passed a petroleum law in October 2001 that deregulated the upstream and downstream sectors. The law and follow-on implementing regulations transformed Pertamina into a state-owned enterprise, and eliminates the distinction between foreign and domestic oil and gas companies. Pertamina’s monopoly over downstream oil distribution and marketing of fuel products will end in 2005. Management of Production Sharing Contracts (PSCs), which authorize investors to produce oil and gas, has shifted from Pertamina to an executive body within the central government that reports directly to the President, though the Energy Minister is regularly consulted. A new downstream regulatory body has assumed the role of Pertamina in controlling downstream activities. Oil and gas contractors are required to finance all exploration, production, and development costs in their contract areas; they are entitled to recover operating, exploration, and development costs out of the oil and gas produced.

Although minerals production traditionally centered on bauxite, silver, and tin production, Indonesia is expanding its copper, nickel, gold, and coal output for export markets. In mid-1993, the Energy Ministry reopened the coal sector to foreign investment. Total coal production reached 127 million metric tons in 2004, including exports of 105.6 million tons. The Indonesian Government hopes to export 115 million metric tons of coal in 2005, which would surpass Australia and make Indonesia the world’s largest thermal coal exporter. Two U.S. firms operate three copper/gold mines in Indonesia, with a Canadian and U.K. firm holding significant other investments in nickel and gold, respectively. Indonesian gold production in 2004 was 112 tons, down from a peak of 180 tons in 2001. The primary reason for the slump in production was decreased output at Grasberg following a late 2003 pit wall failure. Freeport’s Grasberg mine is the country’s and world’s biggest gold producing mine. Indonesia’s share of global exploration spending has dropped from 3% to 1% – since 1998 only three new gold mines have opened. This does not reflect Indonesia’s mineral prospectively, which is high; rather the decline reflects uncertainty over mining laws and regulations, low competitiveness in the tax and royalty system, and investor concerns over divestment policies and the sanctity of contracts.

1.4.7 Investment
Since the late 1980s, Indonesia has made significant changes to its regulatory framework to encourage economic growth. This growth was financed largely from private investment, both foreign and domestic. U.S. investors dominated the oil and gas sector and undertook some of Indonesia's largest mining projects. In addition, the presence of U.S. banks, manufacturers, and service providers expanded, especially after the industrial and financial sector reforms of the 1980s. While the petroleum and mining investors remained after the 1997 crisis, the numbers of U.S. investors in other sectors declined. Other major foreign investors include Japan, the United Kingdom, Singapore, the Netherlands, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and South Korea. Infrastructure investment declined steadily after the financial crisis and has not yet recovered.

President Yudhoyono and his economic ministers have stated repeatedly their intention since taking office in October 2004, to improve the climate for private sector investment in order to raise the level of GDP growth and reduce unemployment. Though investment grew 15% in the second half of 2004, a significant shift from investment growth in 2003 of only 1.9%, many challenges remain. In addition to general corruption and legal uncertainty, businesses have cited a number of specific factors that have reduced the competitiveness of Indonesia's investment climate, including corrupt and inefficient customs services; non-transparent and arbitrary tax administration; inflexible labor markets that have reduced Indonesia's advantage in labor-intensive manufacturing; increasing infrastructure bottlenecks; and uncompetitive investment laws and regulations. By early 2005, significant reform efforts were underway in many of these areas. With the passage of a new copyright law in July 2002, and accompanying optical disc regulations in 2004, Indonesia’s intellectual property rights regime was greatly strengthened. However, the lack of effective enforcement remains a major concern to U.S. intellectual property holders and foreign investors particularly in the high-technology sector.

1.5 National Security
Indonesia's armed forces (Tentara Nasional Indonesia, or TNI, formerly ABRI) total about 350,000 members, including the army, navy, marines, and air force. The army is by far the largest, with about 280,000 active-duty personnel. Defense spending in the national budget is only 1.8% of GDP but is supplemented by revenue from many military businesses and foundations.

The Indonesian National Police were for many years a branch of the armed forces. The police were formally separated from the military in April 1999, a process that was formally completed in July 2000. With 250,000 personnel, the police represent a much smaller portion of the population than in most nations. Indonesia is at peace with its neighbors. Without a credible external threat in the region, the military historically viewed its prime mission as assuring internal security. Military leaders now say they wish to transform the military to a professional, external security force but insist that the armed forces will continue to play an internal security role for some time.

Throughout Indonesian history the military maintained a prominent role in the nation's political and social affairs. Traditionally a significant number of cabinet members had military backgrounds, while active duty and retired military personnel occupied a large number of seats in the parliament. Commanders of the various territorial commands played influential roles in the affairs of their respective regions. With the inauguration of the newly-elected national parliament in October 2004, the military no longer has a formal political role, although it retains important political influence.

1.6 Foreign Relations
Since independence, Indonesia has espoused a "free and active" foreign policy, seeking to play a role in regional affairs commensurate with its size and location but avoiding involvement in conflicts among major powers. Indonesian foreign policy under the "New Order" government of President Soeharto moved away from the stridently anti-Western, anti-American posturing that characterized the latter part of the Soekarno era. Following Soeharto's ouster in 1998, Indonesia’s Presidents have preserved the broad outlines of Soeharto's independent, moderate foreign policy. The traumatic separation of East Timor from Indonesia after an August 1999 East Timor referendum, and subsequent events in East and West Timor, strained Indonesia's relations with the international community.

A cornerstone of Indonesia's contemporary foreign policy is its participation in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), of which it was a founding member in 1967 with Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, and the Philippines. Since then, Brunei, Vietnam, Laos, Burma, and Cambodia also have joined ASEAN. While organized to promote common economic, social, and cultural goals, ASEAN acquired a security dimension after Vietnam's invasion of Cambodia in 1979; this aspect of ASEAN expanded with the establishment of the ASEAN Regional Forum in 1994, which comprises 22 countries, including the U.S. Indonesia's continued domestic troubles have distracted it from ASEAN matters and consequently lessened its influence within the organization.

Indonesia also was one of the founders of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) and has taken moderate positions in its councils. As NAM Chairman in 1992-95, it led NAM positions away from the rhetoric of North-South confrontation, advocating instead the broadening of North-South cooperation in the area of development. Indonesia continues to be a prominent, and generally helpful, leader of the Non-Aligned Movement.

Indonesia has the world's largest Muslim population, though it is a secular state, and is a member of the Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC). It carefully considers the interests of Islamic solidarity in its foreign policy decisions but generally has been an influence for moderation in the OIC. President Wahid, for example, pursued better relations with Israel.
After 1966, Indonesia welcomed and maintained close relations with the donor community, particularly the United States, Western Europe, Australia, and Japan, through the Intergovernmental Group on Indonesia (IGGI) and its successor, the Consultative Group on Indonesia (CGI), which have provided substantial foreign economic assistance. Donors remain committed to helping Indonesia reform, but express increasing frustration with poor governance and implementation.

Indonesia has been a strong supporter of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum. Largely through the efforts of President Soeharto at the 1994 meeting in Bogor, Indonesia, APEC members agreed to implement free trade in the region by 2010 for industrialized economies and 2020 for developing economies.

II. AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES

2.1 Agricultural Resources Potensial
Indonesia has vast natural resources, which is the prime asset to be for agribusiness development. The total of land area in Indonesia in 1992 was about 192 million hectares. Up to 1998, about 66 million hectares, or only 34 % has been used for agriculture and other purposes. Java is the most densely populated but also the most fertile. The potentially useable land resource is still available especially in Kalimantan and Sumatra, which have the biggest area of land in Indonesia.

Indonesian Agricultural Products:

2.2 Agribusiness Development Performance
2.2.1 Land Area
Land is main asset in farming; and being optimal in the utilization of land would increase efficiency and productivity of farming. Not all of the land in Indonesia is suitable for agricultural land. This is because the condition of land is very critical such as steep slope and land with high acidity. The percentage of utilization of land for agriculture is the highest compared to other sector, which is mainly used for rice-field (sawah), garden, plantation, and forest. Table 3 shows the distribution of land area by utilization in Indonesia. Utilization of land for estates/plantation has the biggest proportion, followed by woodland. Utilization for wetland was also quite substantial.

2.2.2 Agricultural Production
Livestock. Demand for animal protein tended to increase from year to year parallel with the improvement of income. The main livestock commodities are: meat, eggs, and milk

Food-Crops, as rice has been a staple food for most of Indonesian people, this commodity become a standard/barometer for the success and failure of food security development in Indonesia. Paddy production was increasing slightly. This was mainly due to a wetland increase by 0.64% and dry land production by 0.33%. In general secondary crops production increased during period 1999-2000. Corn increased by 1.53%, peanut 8.79%, mung-bean 3.02% and sweet potato 5.05%. An exception was soybean decreased 26.97% and cassava 6.73%.

The main vegetables are: cabbage, potato, chili, garlic, tomato etc. The main fruits are : mango, banana, papaya, orange, pineaples, rambutan, durian, etc

2.3 Marine Resources Potensial
Ocean and sea fishery has a great potential to develop the pelagic as well as the demersal species, having each a potential of 3.2 and 1.8 million ton per annum respectively for a sustainable exploitation. The development of sea fishery should be expanded to the Indian Ocean, Sulawesi Sea, Southeast Pacific Ocean, and South China Sea.

2.4 Human Resources
Recording more than 200 million of people, Indonesia is the fourth most populous country in the world. With this population, Indonesia is as a huge market for agriculture products. And with more than 70 percent of population engaged in agriculture, the sector remains the largest sector in the Indonesian economy. In 1993, the number of agricultural household was 21.5 million. Agriculture sector has still been playing an important role as a source of income, employment opportunities, and foreign earnings as well.

2.5 Added Value
Agribusiness and Fisheries sector is the highest contributor of added value in the national economy. About 45-47 percent of the total added value generated by agribusiness sector.